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Abstract: Infections diseases are the
world’s leading cause of death. Immunization with
several vaccines is one of the major achievements of
modern medicine. As a result of immunization diseases
such as polio and measles have been controlled and small
pox has been eradicated. Vaccines have been shown to be
one of the most cost effective, safest and powerful
tolls that result in reduction in death rate and
increased human survival. Most recent advances in
molecular biology, immunology, and recombinant DNA
technology, one can understand how the antigens are
affect to the immune system and how that respond immune
activity. The turn of century has witnessed a huge
increase in the number of technologies and immunological
approaches for new vaccine design. Transdermal vesicular
carriers like liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes
represent widely exploited class of novel delivery
systems for topical applications. Non-invasive
vaccination onto the skin using these novel carriers
could improve vaccination programs because the
administration procedure requires no specially trained
personnel and may avoid risk associated with needle
prick. These carriers elicit immune response by
different mechanisms and acts as adjuvants to enhance
the immunogenisity of weak antigens in animal models.
The review discusses all recent transdermal vaccines and
delivery systems for effective immunization.
Introduction
Immunization is a means of providing protective shield
to the body, i.e. immunization or vaccination is a
prophylactic approach which the body is shielded or made
strong to fight against any incoming pathogenic
invasion. Thus immunization generates a force that
fights with various micro-organisms and their products
(metabolic as well as non-metabolic) which enters
through different routes in the body. The immunology is
a multidisciplinary science that involves different
approaches of vaccination. Vaccines have been shown to
be one of the most cost effective, safest and powerful
toll that results in reduction of death rate and
increased human survival. Most recent advances in
molecular biology, immunology and recombinant DNA
technology, one can understand how the antigens are
affect to immune system and how that respond immune
activity. The turn of century has witnessed a huge
increase in number of technology and immunological
approaches for new vaccine design. Transdermal vesicular
carriers like liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes
represent widely exploited class of novel delivery
systems for topical applications.
Transdermal immunization (TI) techniques are a better
option to over come the short coming of intra muscular
route of immunization. Among the common routes of
parenteral immunization, skin is the only site that
becomes function as an immune organ. Skin associated
lymphoid tissues contain specialized cells that enhance
the immune responses. Transdermal immunization is an
innovate investigational technology which promises to be
an efficient and cost effective means of immunizing
agent. If successful, TI will permit the transcutaneous
delivery of vaccines. TI technologies are currently
under development by different research group in the
world. The ability to vaccinate transcutaneously will be
of benefit in all countries but should prove of greatest
benefit in developing nations like India.
Especially countries seeking the most cost effective
way to reduce disease and infection rates.
TI is intended to avoid the risks and complications
associated with percutaneous delivery of vaccines
(needles) to eliminate apprehension and pain associated
with immunization and to avoid the complication of reuse
of disposable syringes and needles, a practice that is
purulent in economically emerging countries. In addition
TI provide an efficient and cost effective method for
vaccinating large populations by reducing the number of
personal and amount of medical material required for
immunization.
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