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Introduction: The application of nanotechnology in
biopharmaceutics is based on its capability to monitor,
repair, construct and control human biological systems
at molecular level using engineered devices and
nanostructures.
Nanotechnology adopts the concept of nanoscale
manipulations for application in medical sciences and
practice of medicine at the clinical level. It is used
for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases
and to gain an increased understanding of underlying
complex disease mechanisms.
Nanomaterials empowered drug delivery system and
therapeutics are advancing towards a new technologic
height not attained before. Innovative research results
aim to meet many long standing challenges in
pharmaceutical industry, therapeutic and drug delivery
levels.
The basis of technologic application in biopharmaceutics
is Nanoscale Drug Carrying System. The various units of
the system are:
1. Liposome System
Among the drug carriers, liposomes have been used since
1960. Liposomes are a sphere of phospholipids,
surrounding a hydrophilic center and have unique
physical and chemical properties dependent on type of
lipid used and process of synthesis. They are
biodegradable, non-toxic, amphillic phospholipids that
invoke minimal or no antigenic response. The size is a
critical factor for any nanoscale delivery system.
Particles greater than 100 nm in size are opsonized by
phagocytes and must be smaller than vascular pore range
of 380-780 nanometers to target specific site of action.
Liposomes carrying antibodies or other ligands with
affinity for specific targets are under development to
enhance the pharmacokinetics. Surface modified liposomes
carrying doxorubicin and antisense oligonucleotide
system have successfully targeted multidrug resistance
associated protein (MRP1), messenger RNA and bcl2 RNA.
Once the system reaches the cell it can deliver the
doxorubicin and the antisense oligonucleotides
successfully and inhibit the synthesis of MRP1 and bc12
RNA and provoke the apoptosis of carcinomatous cell by
arousing the caspase (cysteine-aspartic proteases)
dependent pathway. Liposomes for this purpose vary
between 30 nm to several micrometers in diameter with
their characteristics governed by their size, surface
composition and charge.
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