Effects of Smoking and its Metabolism

Abstract: Nicotine is consumed by human beings in various forms and it was documented that consuming nicotine in the form of smoking contributes to the national morbidity. Incomplete oxidation of carbon in gaseous substances present in nicotine smoke is most hazardous. Smocking contributes to increase in peripheral vasoconstriction, formation of atherosclerotic plaques. It also causes lung cancer, chronic bronchitis and also increases the spontaneous abortions. It is also found to inhibit the pancreatic bicarbonate secretion which is responsible for duodenal ulcer formation. Smoking increases basic metabolic rate, thyroid activity, oxygen consumption and cholesterol levels. On the contrary it reduces the blood sugar level, body weight, ascorbic acid content and nitrogen metabolism. It also increases myocardial oxygen usage, pyruvate and ketone extraction. Cotinine is the main metabolite produced by nicotine metabolism by C-oxidation which is major metabolic pathway of nicotine. Cyp 2A6, 2B6, 2D6 are the main enzymes responsible for cotinine formation from nicotine.

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