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Abstract: The neuroendocrine systems regulate the
number of body function, although the neuroendocrine
system also regulates the immune function in body.
Neural regulation of the immune system occurs through
autonomic nervous system activation and release of
hypothalamic and pituitary hormone. Hormones like
oxytocin, prolactin, opiods, substance P, ACTH,
Somatostatin also regulate the immune system.
Introduction
The number of research evidences support anatomical and
functional role of neuroendocrine system in immune
system regulation. The functional significance of
neuroendocrinal integration at central and peripheral
levels is also well established. In the human immune
response generate, depending on the type of antigen, and
this information is sent to the brain via cytokine and
peptide hormone released from the cells of the immune
system. These immunomodulators enter the brain through
the circumventrical organs and stimulate the
hypothalamic neurons in the medial preoptic area,
anterior and ventromedial hypothalamus, Para ventricular
nucleus and median eminence / arcuate nucleus. These
hypothalamic nuclei then modulate the immune response by
activating the autonomic nervous system, the
neuroendocrine system, and the cognitive and behavioral
correlates of these systems. Evidences show modulation
of immune functions by neurohormones. Immune cells can
bind various hormones, neurotransmitters, and also
neuropeptides. Receptors for corticosteroids, insulin,
prolactin, growth hormone, estradiol, testosterone,
betaadrenergicagents, acetyl-choline, endorphins,14
substance P somatostatin, and vasointestinal peptide,
have been demonstrated in lymphoid or accessory cells.
The nervous and endocrine systems modulate the immune
system functions through releasing neurotransmitters,
neuropeptides and endocrine hormones as they regulate
the other physiological functions. The immune system in
turn communicates with the nervous and endocrine systems
through secreting immunocompetent substances.
Interaction between neuroendocrine system and immune
system
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Many immune cells (e.g. lymphocytes) have receptors
for neurotransmitters & hormones.
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Bain & endocrine cells have receptors for cytokines
like interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 secreted by
immune cells
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Cytokine Functions
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Cytokines increase
secretion of certain endocrine hormones in vivo
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Low doses of brain
encephalin increase several immune system
functions, while higher doses can reduce immune
function
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Steroid hormone are
inhibit the immune system function
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